# Toronto Math Forum

## APM346-2018S => APM346--Tests => Term Test 2 => Topic started by: Victor Ivrii on March 23, 2018, 06:08:24 AM

Title: TT2--P1
Post by: Victor Ivrii on March 23, 2018, 06:08:24 AM
Solve by Fourier method
\begin{align}
& u|_{x=0}= 0,\qquad (u_x+\alpha u)|_{x=\pi}=0\label{1-2}\\
&u| _{t=0}=\sin (x),\qquad u_t|_{t=0}=0\label{1-3}
\end{align}
with $\alpha\in \mathbb{R}$.

Hint: We know that $\lambda_n$ are real but since we do not know the sign of $\alpha$ we do not know if it all $\lambda_n\ge 0$; so you must consider the case of some of $\lambda_n<0$.

Note: Only find equations for eigenvalues.
Title: Re: TT2--P1
Post by: Jingxuan Zhang on March 24, 2018, 08:33:49 AM
The associated eigenproblem is
$$\left\{\begin{split}&X''=\lambda X,\\&X|_{x=0}=(X'-\alpha X)|_{x=0}=0.\end{split}\right.\label{1-4}$$
If $\alpha=0$ the we know the solution are half-integer $\sin$'s
$$\label{error}\lambda_n=-\Bigl(n+\frac{1}{2}\Bigr)^2, X_n(x)=\sin \Bigl(n+\frac{1}{2}\Bigr)x,n=0,1,....$$
If $\alpha\neq 0,\lambda>0$ then the general solution for the DE in \eqref{1-4} is
$$X(x)=A\cosh \gamma x + B\sinh \gamma x, \gamma>0.$$
Plugging in boundary condition we find $A=0$ and
$$\gamma B\cosh \gamma\pi+\alpha B\sinh \gamma\pi=0.$$
Hence the various eigenvalues are given by $\lambda_n=\gamma_n^2$ where $\gamma_n$ is a nonzero root of
$$\gamma=-\alpha\tanh \gamma\pi.$$
If $\alpha\neq 0,\lambda<0$ then the general solution for the DE in \eqref{1-4} is
$$X(x)=A\cos \omega x + B\sin \omega x, \omega>0.$$
Plugging in boundary condition we find $A=0$ and
$$\omega B\cos \omega\pi+\alpha B\sin \omega\pi=0.$$
Hence the various eigenvalues are given by $\lambda_n=-\omega_n^2$ where $\omega_n$ is a nonzero root of
$$\omega=-\alpha\tan \omega\pi.$$
If $\lambda=0$ then we have only trivial solution.
Title: Re: TT2--P1
Post by: Victor Ivrii on March 25, 2018, 04:24:13 AM
Not
$$X|_x=0=(X'-\alpha X)|_x=0=0$$
but
$$X|_{x=0}=(X'-\alpha X)|_{x=0}=0$$.

and also correct signs at $\lambda_n$

I attach pictures for $\lambda<0$ and $\lambda >0$. On the first, brown line for $\alpha >0$, red line for $\alpha<0$.  On the second brown line for $\alpha> -1/\pi$, red line for $\alpha<-1/\pi$
Title: Re: TT2--P1
Post by: Jingxuan Zhang on March 25, 2018, 07:33:02 AM
That subscript is really awkward but I don't see sign problem at $\lambda_n$?
Title: Re: TT2--P1
Post by: Victor Ivrii on March 25, 2018, 08:05:44 AM
If $X''=n^2$ (etc) then $X''=-\lambda_n X$
Title: Re: TT2--P1
Post by: Jingxuan Zhang on March 25, 2018, 09:56:55 AM
Done. To the posterity: my mistake was on \eqref{error}.