# Toronto Math Forum

## APM346-2015F => APM346--Home Assignments => HA1 => Topic started by: Emily Deibert on September 29, 2015, 08:39:43 PM

Title: Problem 2
Post by: Emily Deibert on September 29, 2015, 08:39:43 PM
2.
http://www.math.toronto.edu/courses/apm346h1/20159/PDE-textbook/Chapter1/S1.P.html#problem-1.P.2 (http://www.math.toronto.edu/courses/apm346h1/20159/PDE-textbook/Chapter1/S1.P.html#problem-1.P.2)
a) 2nd order linear homogeneous
b) 2nd order nonlinear (quasilinear) homogeneous
c) 3rd order linear homogeneous
d) 3rd order nonlinear (quasilinear) homogeneous
e) 4th order linear homogeneous
f) 4th order linear homogeneous
g) 4th order linear inhomogeneous
h) 4th order linear homogeneous 4th order semilinear
Title: Re: Problem 2
Post by: Yaodong Gao on September 30, 2015, 12:19:27 AM
I think the answers for question 2g) and 2h) should be nonlinear, since the linearity condition L(au + bv) = aL(u) +bL(v) failed in both questions.
Title: Re: Problem 2
Post by: Andrew Lee Chung on September 30, 2015, 03:50:16 PM
My take on qu2:
@Emily
e) 4th order linear inhomogeneous (sin(x) is not a dependent variable, u, nor any of its partial derivatives)
g) 4th order linear homogeneous (u occurs linearly in the equation)
h) 4th order semi linear (sin(x)sin(u) is a function f(x,u))
Title: Re: Problem 2
Post by: Andrew Lee Chung on September 30, 2015, 04:08:31 PM
@Yaodong
Lu is a partial differential expression linear with respect to unknown function u
It could be the 0 order wrt u

From the book, the example given had this form
$$Lu:= a_{11} u_{xx} + 2a_{12} u_{xy}+ a_{22} u_{yy} + a_{1} u_{x} + a_{2} u_{y} + au = f(x)$$
So it does include u
Title: Re: Problem 2
Post by: Emily Deibert on October 01, 2015, 03:43:11 PM
Andrew, for me question e appears to be $$u_{tt} + u_{xxxx} = 0$$ so I believe this would be linear homogeneous? I do not see any sine term (unless I am somehow reading the wrong question!)

For me (g) is $$u_{tt} + u_{xxxx} + \sin(x) = 0$$ so I don't think this is homogeneous, because of the sine term.

Yaodong: there is a notion of linear operator; $L(\alpha u+\beta v)= \alpha L(u)+\beta L(v)$ but talking about equations or systems and not necessarily differential, may be algebraic we have
$Lu=0$ is linear homogeneous
$Lu=f$ with $f$ (which does not depend on $u$!) is linear inhomogeneous  (linear algebra!!)
So linearity test applies only to $L$.
Remark: $Lu=0$ describes a linear subspace, $Lu=f$ (if has solution) describes affine subspace (former linear space but shifted, so we have no longer a linear space!)