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### Messages - Xuefen luo

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1
##### Test 4 / Re: 2020F-Test4-MAIN-A-Q2
« on: December 09, 2020, 02:39:52 PM »
Here is the given figure.

2
##### Test 4 / 2020F-Test4-MAIN-A-Q3
« on: December 09, 2020, 02:37:53 PM »
Problem 3. Consider $f(z)=\frac{3z}{(z+1)(z-2)}$.
(i)Decompose it into Laurent's series $f(z) = \sum_{n=?}^{n=?}a_nz^n$ (find r and R)
(a) In the disc {$z:|z|<r$};
(b) In the annulus {$z:r<|z|<R$};
(c) In the disc exterior {$z : |z| > R$}.
(ii) Calculate $Res(f(z),0)$ and $Res(f(z),\infty)$.

Answer:
(i) Let $f(z)=\frac{A}{(z+1)} +\frac{B}{(z-2)}$, and let $r=1$, $R=2$.

Then, $A(z-2)+B(z+1)=3z$
\left\{ \begin{align*} A+B=3\\ -2A+B=0\\ \end{align*} \right. $\Rightarrow$ \left\{ \begin{align*} A=1\\ B=2\\ \end{align*} \right.

For $|z|<1: \frac{1}{z+1} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-z)^n$.

For $|z|>1: \frac{1}{z+1} = \frac{1}{z}\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{z}}=\frac{1}{z}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-\frac{1}{z})^n=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^nz^{-n-1}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1}(-1)^{-n-1}z^n$

For $|z|<2: \frac{1}{z-2}=\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{\frac{z}{2}-1}=-\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\frac{z}{2})^n = - \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}2^{-n-1}z^n$

For $|z|>2: \frac{1}{z-2}=\frac{1}{z}\frac{1}{1-\frac{2}{z}}=\frac{1}{z}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(\frac{2}{z})^n = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}2^nz^{-n-1}=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1}2^{-n-1}z^n$

Thus,
\begin{align*}
f(z)&=\frac{1}{(z+1)} +\frac{2}{(z-2)}\\
\\
&=
\begin{cases}
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}((-1)^n-2\cdot 2^{-n-1})z^n, & |z|< 1\\
\\
\sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1}(-1)^{-n-1}z^n-2\cdot \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}2^{-n-1}z^n, &1<|z|<2\\
\\
\sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1}((-1)^{-n-1}+2\cdot 2^{-n-1})z^n, &|z|>2\\
\end{cases}
\end{align*}

(ii)From part(i), we know the Laurent's series expression of $f(z)$.
For $z_0=0, f(z)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}((-1)^n-2\cdot 2^{-n-1})z^n$,
then $Res(f(z),0)=a_{-1}=(-1)^{-1}-2\cdot2^{1-1}=-1-2=-3$.
For $z_0=\infty, f(z)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{-1}((-1)^{-n-1}+2\cdot 2^{-n-1})z^n$,
then $Res(f(z),\infty)=a_{-1}=(-1)^{1-1}+2\cdot2^{1-1}=1+2=3$

3
##### Test 4 / 2020F-Test4-MAIN-A-Q2
« on: December 09, 2020, 02:09:42 PM »
Problem 2. Calculate an improper integral $I=\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{\sqrt{x}dx}{(x^2+2x+1)}$.

(a) Calculate  $J_{R,\epsilon}=\int_{\Gamma_{R,\epsilon}} f(z)dz, \ f(z):= \frac{\sqrt{z}}{(z^2+2z+1)}$
$\Gamma_{R,\epsilon}$ is the contour on the figure.

(b)Prove that $\int_{\gamma_R} f(z)dz \rightarrow 0$ and $\int_{\gamma_ \epsilon} f(z)dz \rightarrow 0$ as $R \rightarrow \infty$ and $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ where $\gamma_R$ and $\gamma_\epsilon$ are arcs.

(c) Express limit of $J_{R,\epsilon}$ as $R \rightarrow +\infty$, $\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+$ using $I$.

Answer:
(a) Since $f(z) = \frac{\sqrt{z}}{(z^2+2z+1)} = \frac{\sqrt{z}}{(z+1)^2}$, $z=-1$ is the only singularity inside $\Gamma_{R,\epsilon}$ as $R>1$.

The residue is $Res(f(z),-1)=\frac{(\sqrt{z})'}{1!}|_{z=-1} = \frac{\frac{1}{2\sqrt{z}}}{1!}|_{z=-1} = -\frac{i}{2}$

Thus, by residue theorem $J_{R,\epsilon}= 2\pi i Res(f(z),-1)=2\pi i (-\frac{i}{2})=\pi$

(b) \begin{align*}
\int_{\gamma_R} f(z)dz &\leq \left| \int_{\gamma_R} f(z)dz \right|\\
&\leq 2\pi R\cdot max \left|\frac{\sqrt{z}}{(z^2+2z+1)} \right|\\
&\leq 2\pi R\cdot max \left| \frac{R^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{i\frac{1}{2}t}}{(Re^{it}+1)^2}\right| \ \ \  , \ \text{$z=Re^{it}, t\in [0,2\pi]$}\\
&\leq 2\pi R \cdot \frac{R^{\frac{1}{2}}}{(R+1)^2} \rightarrow 0 \ \ \ \ as \ R \rightarrow \infty\\
\\
\int_{\gamma_ \epsilon} f(z)dz &\leq \left|\int_{\gamma_ \epsilon} f(z)dz\right|\\
&\leq 2\pi \epsilon \cdot max \left| \frac{\sqrt{z}}{(z^2+2z+1)} \right|\\
&\leq 2\pi \epsilon \cdot max \left| \frac{\epsilon^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{i\frac{1}{2}t}}{(\epsilon e^{it}+1)^2}\right| \ \ \ , \ \text{$z=\epsilon e^{it}, t\in [2\pi,0]$}\\
&\leq 2\pi \epsilon \cdot max (\frac{\epsilon^{\frac{1}{2}}}{(|1|-|\epsilon e^{it}|)^2})\\
&\leq 2\pi \epsilon \cdot \frac{\epsilon^{\frac{1}{2}}}{(1-\epsilon)^2} \rightarrow 0 \ \ \ \ as \ \epsilon \rightarrow 0\\
\end{align*}

(c)\begin{align*}
J_{R,\epsilon} &= \int_{\gamma_ R} f(z)dz +\int_{\gamma_ \epsilon} f(z)dz +\int_{\epsilon}^{\infty} f(z)dz+\int_{\infty}^{\epsilon}f(z)dz\\
\pi &= 0+0+\int_{\epsilon}^{\infty} f(z)dz+\int_{\infty}^{\epsilon}f(z)dz\\
\end{align*}

As $R \rightarrow +\infty$, $\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+$,
\begin{align*}
\int_{\epsilon}^{\infty} f(z)dz &= \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\sqrt{x}dx}{(x^2+2x+1)}=I\\
\int_{\infty}^{\epsilon}f(z)dz &= \int_{\infty}^{0}\frac{\sqrt{z}}{(z^2+2z+1)}dz  \ \ \text{, $z=xe^{i2\pi},dz=e^{i2\pi} dx$}\\
&=\int_{\infty}^{0}\frac{\sqrt{x}e^{i\pi}}{(xe^{i2\pi}+1)^2} e^{i2\pi}dx\\
&=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\sqrt{x}}{(x+1)^2}dx\\
&=I
\end{align*}
Then, the limit of $J_{R,\epsilon}$ as $R \rightarrow +\infty$, $\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+$ is $2I$. Thus, $2I=\pi \Rightarrow I=\frac{\pi}{2}$

4
##### Quiz 7 / Re: LEC0101-Quiz7-ONE-E
« on: December 09, 2020, 01:25:05 PM »
Here is the given picture.

5
##### Test 4 / 2020F-Test4-MAIN-A-Q1
« on: December 09, 2020, 01:16:20 PM »
Problem 1. (a) Find all zeroes of the function $f(z) = \frac{sin(2\pi \sqrt{z})}{sin(\pi z)}$ in domain $D=\mathbb{C}\ (-\infty,0]$.
(b)Also find all singular points of this function and determine their types(removable, pole (in which case what is it's order), essential singularity, not
isolated singularity).
(c) In particular, if $\infty$ is in the domain: check whether it is a zero.
(d) Draw these points on the complex plane.

Answer: Notice that $sin(2\pi \sqrt{z})$ has zeroes only at $z=\frac{n^2}{4}, n \in \mathbb{Z^+}$, and $sin(\pi z)$ has zeroes only at $z=m, m \in \mathbb{Z^+}$ in domain $D=\mathbb{C}\ (-\infty,0]$. Since all these zeroes are simple, we can conclude that:
-$z=\frac{n^2}{4}$ with $n \in \mathbb{Z^+}$ and $n^2$ is a multiple of 4 such that $z=\frac{n^2}{4}=m$ for some $m\in \mathbb{Z^+}$, then $z$ are removable singularities;
-$z=\frac{n^2}{4}$ with $n \in \mathbb{Z^+}$  and  $n^2$ is not a multiple of 4 such that $z \notin \mathbb{Z^+}$, then $z$ are simple zeroes;
-$z=m$ for $m \in \mathbb{Z^+}$ and $m \neq \frac{n^2}{4}$ for any $n \in \mathbb{Z^+}$, then $z$ are simple poles.
-there are no essential singularities;
-$z=\infty$ is a non-isolated singularity.

6
##### Quiz 7 / LEC0101-Quiz7-ONE-E
« on: December 09, 2020, 12:21:13 PM »
Problem: Using argument principle along line on the picture, calculate the number of zeroes of the following function in the first quadrant:
$f(z)=z^4-3z^2+3$

Answer: According to the picture, we divide the line into three parts, denoted $\gamma_1, \gamma_2, \gamma_3$.

For $\gamma_1$: $z=x, x\in [0,R]$ with $R \rightarrow \infty$.
$f(z) = x^4-3x^2+3$.
$f(z)$ is real number as $x$ traverses from $0$ to $R$.
Thus, change of argument of $f(z)$ is $0$.

For $\gamma_2$: $z=Re^{it}, t\in [o,\frac{\pi}{2}], R \rightarrow \infty$.
$f(z) = R^4e^{i4t}-3R^2e^{i2t}+3 =R^4(e^{i4t}-3\frac{R^2}{R^4}e^{i2t}+\frac{3}{R^4}) =R^4e^{i4t}$, as $R \rightarrow \infty$
Then, $4t\in [0,2\pi]$ and change of argument of $f(z)$ is $2\pi$.

For $\gamma_3$: $z=yi, y\in [R,0]$ with $R \rightarrow \infty$.
$f(z)= y^4+3y^2+3$
$f(z)$ is real number as $y$ traverses from $R$ to $0$.
Thus, change of argument of $f(z)$ is $0$.

Since $f(z)$ has no poles, we know the number of zeroes of $f(z)$ in the first quadrant is $\frac{1}{2\pi}(0+2\pi+0)=1$ by the argument principle.

7
##### Test 4 / Re: Spring 2020 Test 2 Monday Sitting Problem 3
« on: December 03, 2020, 03:28:54 AM »
I got that there is no restriction on the n when z=2n𝜋, and n ≠ 0 & -1 when  z=(2n+1)𝜋

8
##### Test 2 / 2020F Test2-MAIN-D Q3
« on: November 04, 2020, 06:49:45 AM »
Problem 3:Consoder the map $z \xrightarrow\ w = f(z) = \frac{1}{z}$ and compute the image $f(D)$ of $D = \{z:|z-1|>1, |z-2|<2\}$ is mapped to.
Check if $f:D\xrightarrow\ f(D)$ is a bijection.

Answer:
Let $z=x+iy$ and $w=u+iv$.
$w=f(z)+\frac{1}{z}$, then $z=\frac{1}{w}$.

For
\begin{align*}
|z-1|&>1\\
|\frac{1}{w}-1|&>1\\
|1-w|&> |w|\\
|w-1|^2 &> |w|^2\\
|w|^2 +|1|^2 - 2Re(w \cdot 1) &> |w|^2\\
|w|^2 +1 - 2Re(w) &> |w|^2\\
1 - 2Re(w) &>0\\
2Re(w) &< 1\\
Re(w) &< \frac{1}{2}
\end{align*}
Hence, we have $u<\frac{1}{2}$ since $w=u+iv$.

For
\begin{align*}
|z-2|&<2\\
|\frac{1}{w}-2|&<2\\
|1-2w|&<2|w|\\
|2w-1|^2&<4|w|^2\\
|2w|^2 + |1|^2 - 2Re(2w \cdot 1) &< 4|w|^2\\
4|w|^2 + 1 - 4Re(w) &< 4|w|^2\\
1 - 4Re(w) &<0\\
4Re(w) &> 1\\
Re(w) &>\frac{1}{4}
\end{align*}
Hence, we have $u>\frac{1}{4}$ since $w=u+iv$.
Now, we have $\frac{1}{4}<u<\frac{1}{2}$.
The figures of domain and codomian of f are attached below. For all $w$ in $f(D)$, there exists $z$ in $D$ such that $w=\frac{1}{z}$. Thus, $f$ is onto.

Then, we will show f is one to one.
Consider $z_1,z_2 \in D,$ and $f(z_1)=f(z_2)$,
Then,
\begin{align*}
\frac{1}{z_1} &= \frac{1}{z_2} \ \ \ \  \text{$z_1,z_2 \neq 0$}\\
z_1 &= z_2\\
\end{align*}
Now, we have $f$ is one to one.
Therefore, $f:D \xrightarrow\ f(D)$ is bijection.

9
##### Test 2 / 2020F Test2-MAIN-D Q2
« on: November 04, 2020, 05:48:18 AM »
Problem 2: Calculate directly the integral $\int_{L} Re(z)\ dz$ where L is the path,consisting of two $\frac{1}{4}$-circles of radius 3 and 1 centered at 0 and two straight segment on the figure.

Answer:
Consider $L_1$ be the line from 1 to 3:
$L_1: \gamma_1(x) = x$, $x \in [1,3]$, and $\gamma_1'(x) = 1$

Consider $L_2$ be the curve of circle centered at 0 with radius $r=3$:
$L_2: \gamma_2(t) = 3e^{it}$, $t \in [0,\frac{\pi}{2}]$, and $\gamma_2'(t) = 3ie^{it}$

Consider $L_3$ be the line from 3i to i:
$L_3: \gamma_3(y) = iy$, $y \in [3,1]$, and $\gamma_3'(y) = i$

Consider $L_4$ be the curve of circle centered at 0 with radius $r=4$:
$L_4: \gamma_4(t) = e^{it}$, $t \in [\frac{\pi}{2},0]$, and $\gamma_4'(t) = ie^{it}$

Let $f(z)=Re(z)$.
$f(\gamma_1(x))=x$
$f(\gamma_2(t))=3cost$
$f(\gamma_3(y))=0$
$f(\gamma_4(t))=cost$

Now, we have
\begin{align*}
\int_{L} Re(z)\ dz &= \int_{L_1} f(\gamma_1(x))\gamma_1'(x)\ dx+\int_{L_2} f(\gamma_2(t))\gamma_2'(t)\ dt+\int_{L_3} f(\gamma_3(y))\gamma_3'(y)\ dy+\int_{L_4} f(\gamma_4(t))\gamma_4'(t)\ dt\\
&= \int_{1}^{3} x\ dx + \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} 3cost \cdot3ie^{it}\ dt+\int_{3}^{1}0\cdot i\ dy+\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{0} cost \cdot ie^{it}\ dt\\
&= (\frac{1}{2}x^2)|_{1}^{3}+9i\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} cos^2t+isintcost\ dt+i\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{0} cos^2t+isintcost\ dt\\
&= (\frac{9}{2}-\frac{1}{2}) +8i\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{cos2t+1}{2}+i\frac{sin2t}{2}\ dt\\
&= 4 +8i(\frac{sin2t}{4}+\frac{1}{2}-i\frac{cos2t}{4})|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\\
&=4 +8i(0+\frac{\pi}{4}+\frac{1}{2}i)\\
&=4+2\pi i -4\\
&=2\pi i
\end{align*}
Therefore, $\int_{L} Re(z)\ dz =2\pi i$

10
##### Test 2 / 2020F Test2-MAIN-D Q1
« on: November 04, 2020, 04:08:54 AM »
Problem 1:
(a)Show that
\begin{align*} u(x,y)=sin(4x)e^{-4y}+3xy.\end{align*}
is a harmonic function.
(b) Find a harmonic conjugate function $v(x,y)$.
(c)Consider $u(x,y)+iv(x,y)$ and write it as a function $f(z)$ of $z=x+iy$.

Answer:
(a)
\begin{align*}
u(x,y)&=sin(4x)e^{-4y}+3xy\\
u_x &= 4cos(4x)e^{-4y}+3y\\
u_{xx} &= -16sin(4x)e^{-4y}\\
u_y &= -4sin(4x)e^{-4y}+3x\\
u_{yy} &= 16sin(4x)e^{-4y}\\
\end{align*}
Then,
\begin{align*}
\Delta u &= u_{xx}+u_{yy}\\
&=-16sin(4x)e^{-4y}+16sin(4x)e^{-4y}\\
&=0
\end{align*}
Thus, $u(x,y)$ is a harmonic function.

(b) We know
\begin{cases}
v_x = -u_y = 4sin(4x)e^{-4y}-3x\\
v_y = u_x = 4cos(4x)e^{-4y}+3y
\end{cases}

Then,
\begin{align*}
v(x,y) &= \int v_x\ dx\\
&=\int 4sin(4x)e^{-4y}-3x\ dx\\
&=-cos(4x)e^{-4y}- \frac{3}{2}x^2+\phi (y)\\
v_y &= 4cos(4x)e^{-4y} + \phi '(y)\\
&= 4cos(4x)e^{-4y}+3y\\
\end{align*}
Now, we have
\begin{align*}
\phi '(y) &= 3y\\
\phi (y) &= \frac{3}{2}y^2 +C\\
v(x,y) &= -cos(4x)e^{-4y}- \frac{3}{2}x^2+\frac{3}{2}y^2 +C\\
\end{align*}

(c) Consider $u(x,y)+iv(x,y)$, we have
\begin{align*}
u(x,y)+iv(x,y) &= sin(4x)e^{-4y}+3xy + i(-cos(4x)e^{-4y}- \frac{3}{2}x^2+\frac{3}{2}y^2 +C)\\
&= sin(4x)e^{-4y}+3xy -icos(4x)e^{-4y}- i\frac{3}{2}x^2+i\frac{3}{2}y^2 +iC\\
&=e^{-4y}(sin(4x)-icos(4x))-i\frac{3}{2}(x^2-y^2+2ixy)+iC\\
&= e^{-4y}(-i)(cos(4x)+isin(4x))-i\frac{3}{2}(x+iy)^2+iC\\
&=-ie^{-4y+i4x}-i\frac{3}{2}(x+iy)^2+iC\\
&=-ie^{4i(iy+x)}-i\frac{3}{2}(x+iy)^2+iC\\
&= -ie^{4iz}-i\frac{3}{2}z^2+iC\ \ \ \text{for $z=x+iy$}\\
\end{align*}
Therefore, $f(x) = -ie^{4iz}-i\frac{3}{2}z^2+iC$

11
##### Quiz 4 / Quiz4-problemSixE
« on: October 24, 2020, 02:50:58 AM »
Problem: Find a "Closed form" for the given power series:
\begin{align*} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} z^{3n}.\end{align*}
Answer:
Since we know that
\begin{align*} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} z^{n} &= \frac{1}{1-z}\\
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (z^3)^n &= \frac{1}{1-z^3}\end{align*}
Thus,
\begin{align*}
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} z^{3n} &=  \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} z^{3n} - z^{3*0}\\
&=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} z^{3n} - 1\\
&= \frac{1}{1-z^3} - 1 \\
\end{align*}
Therefore, the closed form for $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} z^{3n}$  is $\frac{1}{1-z^3} - 1$.

12
##### Quiz 3 / Quiz3 problem 6E
« on: October 18, 2020, 03:52:58 PM »
Problem: Compute the following line integral:
\begin{align*}\int_{\gamma}^{} |z|^2 \,dz, \end{align*}
where $\gamma$ is the line segment from 2 to 3 + i
\begin{align*}
\end{align*}
Answer:
\begin{align*}
\gamma(t)&= (1-t)z_0+tz_1\\
&= 2(1-t)+(3+i)t\\
&= 2-2t+3t+it\\
&= 2+t+it \ \ \ \  (0 \leq t \leq 1)\\
\\
\gamma'(t)&=1+i\\
\\
Let\ f(z)=|z|^2\\
\\
f(\gamma(t))&= |\gamma(t)|^2\\
&=(\sqrt{(2+t)^2+t^2})^2\\
&=4+4t+t^2+t^2\\
&=2t^2+4t+4\\\
\\
\int_{\gamma}^{} |z|^2 \,dz &= \int_{\gamma}^{} f(z) \,dz\\
&=\int_{0}^{1} f(\gamma(t))\  \gamma'(t) \,dt\\
&=\int_{0}^{1} (2t^2+4t+4) (1+i) \,dt\\
&=(1+i)\int_{0}^{1} (2t^2+4t+4) \,dt \\
&=(1+i)(\frac{2}{3}t^3 + 2t^2 +4t)|_{0}^{1}\\
&=(1+i)(\frac{2}{3} + 2 +4)\\
&=\frac{20}{3}(1+i)
\end{align*}

13
##### Quiz 2 / Quiz 2 Section 6101
« on: October 06, 2020, 06:50:19 AM »
Find the limit of the function at the given point, or explain why it does not exist.
\begin{align*}
f(z)&=\frac{z^3-8i}{z+2i} \ (z \neq -2i) \ at \ z_0=-2i\\
\end{align*}
Answer:
\begin{align*}
\lim_{z \to -2i} f(z) &= \lim_{z \to -2i} \frac{z^3-8i}{z+2i}\\
&=\lim_{z \to -2i} \frac{z^3+(2i)^3}{z+2i}\\
&=\lim_{z \to -2i} \frac{(z+2i)(z^2-2iz-4)}{z+2i}   \ (By\ a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2))\\
&=\lim_{z \to -2i} (z^2-2iz-4)\\
&= (-2i)^2-2i(-2i)-4\\
&= -4-4-4\\
&= -12\\
\end{align*}

14
##### Term Test 1 / Re: Problem 2 (afternoon)
« on: October 23, 2019, 11:25:14 AM »
a)Dividing both sides by $(2x+1)x$, we have:
$y''+\frac{(2x+2)}{(2x+1)x}y'-\frac{2}{(2x+1)x}y=0$

Then, $w=ce^{-\int \frac{(2x+2)}{(2x+1)x} dx} = ce^{-\int \frac{-2}{2x+1} + \frac{2}{x} dx} = ce^{ln|2x+1|-ln|x^2|}=c((2x+1)x^{-2})$
Let $c=1, w=(2x+1)x^{-2}$.

b) $w=(x+1)y_2'-y_2=(2x+1)x^{-2}$
Then, $y_2'-\frac{1}{(x+1)}y_2=\frac{2x+1}{x^2(x+1)}$

$\mu =e^{-\int \frac{1}{x+1} dx}=e^{ln|x+1|}=\frac{1}{x+1}$

Multiplying $\frac{1}{x+1}$ to both sides of $y_2'-\frac{1}{x+1}y_2=\frac{2x+1}{x^2(x+1)}$, we have:
$\frac{1}{x+1}y_2'-\frac{1}{(x+1)^2}y_2=\frac{2x+1}{x^2(x+1)^2}$

Then, $\frac{1}{x+1}y_2=\int \frac{2x+1}{x^2(x+1)^2} dx$
$\frac{1}{x+1}y_2=\int \frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{(x+1)^2} dx$
$\frac{1}{x+1}y_2=-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{(x+1)^2}$
$y_2=-\frac{x+1}{x}+1$
Hence, we get $y=c_1(x+1)+c_2(-\frac{x+1}{x}+1)$

c)We have $y=c_1(x+1)+c_2(-\frac{x+1}{x}+1)$ and  $y'=c_1+\frac{1}{x^2} c_2$
Plug in $y(-1)=1,y'(-1)=0$, we get $y(-1)=c_2=1$ and $y'(-1)=c_1+c_2=0$.
Since $c_2=1,c_1=-1$.
Therefore, $y=-(x+1)-\frac{x+1}{x}+1=-x-\frac{1}{x}+1$

15
##### Quiz-4 / TUT0301
« on: October 18, 2019, 01:59:50 PM »
$y''+2y'+y=2e^{-t}$

This is non-homogeneous differential equation, so to find the complimentary solution,
we need to consider $y''+2y'+y=0$.

We assume that $y=e^{rt}$ is a solution of this equation. Then the characteristic equation is:

$r^2+2r+1=0$
$(r+1)^2=0$
$r=-1,-1$

Then, the complimentary solution is given by
$y_c(t)=c_1e^{-t}+c_2te^{-t}$, where $c_1, c_2$ are constants.

To find the particular solution, we assume that $y_p(t)=Ae^{-t}$.
However, it fails because $e^{-t}$ is a solution of the homogeneous equation.
Also if we assume $y_p(t)=Ate^{-t}$, again it fails as $te^{-t}$ is also a solution of the homogeneous equation.

Then, we assume $y_p(t)=At^2e^{-t}$ is the particular solution,
then it satisfies the equation $y''+2y'+y=2e^{-t}$.

Since $y_p=At^2e^{-t}$,
$y'=2Ate^{-t}-At^2e^{-t}$
$y''=2Ae^{-t}-2Ate^{-t}-2Ate^{-t}+At^2e^{-t}=2Ae^{-t}-4Ate^{-t}+At^2e^{-t}$

Using these values in equation $y''+2y'+y=2e^{-t}$, we have:

$2Ae^{-t}-4Ate^{-t}+At^2e^{-t}+4Ate^{-t}-2At^2e^{-t}+At^2e^{-t}=2e^{-t}$
i.e. $2Ae^{-t}=2e^{-t}$
i.e. $A=1$

Then the particular solution is
$y_p(t)=t^2e^{-t}$

Hence the general solution of the equation is
$y=y_c(t)+y_p(t)$
i.e. $y=c_1e^{-t}+c_2te^{-t}+t^2e^{-t}$

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