Toronto Math Forum
MAT244--2019F => MAT244--Test & Quizzes => Term Test 2 => Topic started by: Victor Ivrii on November 19, 2019, 04:23:20 AM
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Find the general real solution to
$$
\mathbf{x}'=\begin{pmatrix}
3 & 3\\
-2 &-1\end{pmatrix}\mathbf{x}
$$
and sketch trajectories.
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$$
det(A-{\lambda}I)=0\\
\begin{vmatrix}
3-\lambda & 3 \\
-2 & -1-\lambda
\end{vmatrix}={\lambda -1}^2+2=0
$$
WRONG So
$$
\lambda_1=1 +\sqrt{2}i\\
\lambda_2=1-\sqrt{2}i
$$
$$
\text{when } \lambda=1 +\sqrt{2}i\\
\begin{vmatrix}
2-\sqrt{2}i & 3 \\
-2 & -2-\sqrt{2}i
\end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix}
0 \\
0
\end{vmatrix}
$$
RREF:
$$
\begin{pmatrix}
2-\sqrt{2}i & 3 \\
0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\quad = \begin{pmatrix}
0 \\
0
\end{pmatrix}
\quad
$$
Let x_2=t
So we can get:
$$
{(2-\sqrt{2}i})x_1=-3x_2=-3t\\
x_1=\frac{-3t}{2-\sqrt{2}i}
$$
So
$$
t*\begin{pmatrix}
-1-\frac{\sqrt{2}i}{2} \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
\quad
$$
Therefore:
$$
e^{1+i\sqrt2t}\begin{pmatrix}
-1-\frac{\sqrt{2}i}{2} \\
1
\end{pmatrix}
\quad =
e^t[\begin{pmatrix}
-cos(\sqrt{2}t)+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}*sin(\sqrt{2}t) \\
cos(\sqrt{2}t)
\end{pmatrix}
\quad +
i\begin{pmatrix}
-sin(\sqrt{2}t)-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}*cos(\sqrt{2}t) \\
sin(\sqrt{2}t)
\end{pmatrix}
\quad]
$$
So, general solution:
$$
y=c_1e^t\begin{pmatrix}
-cos(\sqrt{2}t)+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}*sin(\sqrt{2}t) \\
cos(\sqrt{2}t)
\end{pmatrix}
\quad +
c_2e^t\begin{pmatrix}
-sin(\sqrt{2}t)-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}*cos(\sqrt{2}t) \\
sin(\sqrt{2}t)
\end{pmatrix}
\quad
$$
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The Sketch
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Computer-generated sketch:
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The Sketch
we can do root2i*R1+R2 to simplify the matrix
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4) $x'=\left(\begin{array}{cc}
3 & 3\\
-2 & -1
\end{array}\right)x$
a)
$det(A-\lambda I)=det(\begin{array}{cc}
3-\lambda & 3\\
-2 & -1-\lambda
\end{array})=(3-\lambda)(-1-\lambda)+6=0$
$\lambda^{2}-2\lambda+3=0$
$(\lambda-1)^{2}=-2$
\$\lambda=1\pm\sqrt{2}i$
\$\lambda=1+\sqrt{2}i$
$(\begin{array}{ccc}
2-\sqrt{2}i & 3 & 0\\
-2 & -2-\sqrt{2}i & 0
\end{array}) = (\begin{array}{ccc}
2-\sqrt{2}i & 3 & 0\\
0 & 0 & 0
\end{array}) $
$v=(\begin{array}{c}2+\sqrt{2}i\\-2\end{array})$
$e^{(1+\sqrt{2}i)t}(\begin{array}{c}
2+\sqrt{2}i\\
-2
\end{array})=e^{t}(cos\sqrt{2}t+isin\sqrt{2}t)(\begin{array}{c}2+\sqrt{2}i\\-2\end{array}) = e^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2cos\sqrt{2}t+2isin\sqrt{2}t+\sqrt{2}icos\sqrt{2}t-\sqrt{2}sin\sqrt{2}t\\
-2cos\sqrt{2}t-2isin\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})=e^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2cos\sqrt{2}t-\sqrt{2}sin\sqrt{2}t\\
-2cos\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})+ie^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2isin\sqrt{2}t+\sqrt{2}icos\sqrt{2}t\\
-2isin\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})$
$x(t)=c_{1}e{}^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2cos\sqrt{2}t-\sqrt{2}sin\sqrt{2}t\\
-2cos\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})+c_{2}e{}^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2isin\sqrt{2}t+\sqrt{2}icos\sqrt{2}t\\
-2isin\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})$
You should consider real solutions
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4) $x'=\left(\begin{array}{cc}
3 & 3\\
-2 & -1
\end{array}\right)x$
a)
$det(A-\lambda I)=det(\begin{array}{cc}
3-\lambda & 3\\
-2 & -1-\lambda
\end{array})=(3-\lambda)(-1-\lambda)+6=0$
$\lambda^{2}-2\lambda+3=0$
$(\lambda-1)^{2}=-2$
$\lambda=1\pm\sqrt{2}i$
$\lambda=1+\sqrt{2}i$
$(\begin{array}{ccc}
2-\sqrt{2}i & 3 & 0\\
-2 & -2-\sqrt{2}i & 0
\end{array}) = (\begin{array}{ccc}
2-\sqrt{2}i & 3 & 0\\
0 & 0 & 0
\end{array}) $
$v=(\begin{array}{c}2+\sqrt{2}i\\-2\end{array})$
$e^{(1+\sqrt{2}i)t}(\begin{array}{c}
2+\sqrt{2}i\\
-2
\end{array})=e^{t}(cos\sqrt{2}t+isin\sqrt{2}t)(\begin{array}{c}2+\sqrt{2}i\\-2\end{array}) = e^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2cos\sqrt{2}t+2isin\sqrt{2}t+\sqrt{2}icos\sqrt{2}t-\sqrt{2}sin\sqrt{2}t\\
-2cos\sqrt{2}t-2isin\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})=e^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2cos\sqrt{2}t-\sqrt{2}sin\sqrt{2}t\\
-2cos\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})+ie^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2isin\sqrt{2}t+\sqrt{2}icos\sqrt{2}t\\
-2isin\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})$
$x(t)=c_{1}e{}^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2cos\sqrt{2}t-\sqrt{2}sin\sqrt{2}t\\
-2cos\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})+c_{2}e{}^{t}(\begin{array}{c}
2isin\sqrt{2}t+\sqrt{2}icos\sqrt{2}t\\
-2isin\sqrt{2}t
\end{array})$
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Computer-generated sketch:
This doesn't look right. It should instead be an unstable spiral. I've attached an accurate phase portrait.
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Computer-generated sketch:
This doesn't look right. It should instead be an unstable spiral. I've attached an accurate phase portrait.
Yes this appears to be the correct phase portrait.
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Here is my solution
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What everybody is missing
it is unstable focus and with clock-wise orientation since the bottom-left element is negative.